Blant mindre store nyheter er at utviklingen av demokrati handler om mer enn lovverk og politiske vedtak. Tilsvarende finnes større nyheter enn at religiøse grupper har motsatt seg demokratiske reformer, fra (på den ene siden)
det norske bispekollegiet som forsøkte å stanse parlamentarismen på 1800-tallet til (på en noe annen side) teokratier som Iran.
Det får heller ingen store overskrifter at fremveksten av bærekraftige demokratier er knyttet til økonomi, til rettferdighetstenkning, grenser, nasjonalisme og kamper mellom ulike grupper.
Eller vel så ofte strander på dette.
For rimelig fungerende demokratier har krevd tid og kulturutvikling, kriger og konflikter, og i noen grad ekstern påvirkning, ofte fra vesten - selv om denne også kan ha negative effekter.
Mye handler om mentalitet og modning. Man må lære seg prosesser. Det må sitte i blodet å respektere både flertall og mindretall. Selv andre stammer har menneskeverd. Demokrati er noe annet enn flertallsdiktatur. Det må ikke bare være legalt, men trygt å være i opposisjon.
Men hvordan nærmer man seg dette? Hva krever det av forestillinger, av holdninger og sympatier, av ryggmargsreflekser og kunnskaper?Vi mangler ikke analyser, men noen fremstår nok som større nyheter enn andre. Spesielt når man begynner å hevde at utviklingen av demokrati i store deler av verden kan knyttes til misjonærer.
Som sosiologen Robert Woodberry i den bredt anlagte studien
The Missionary Roots of
Liberal Democracy i
American Political Science Review. Det finnes nok abstrakter som slår inn flere åpne dører:
This article demonstrates historically and statistically that conversionary
Protestants (CPs) heavily influenced the rise and spread of stable democracy
around the world. It argues that CPs were a crucial catalyst initiating the
development and spread of religious liberty, mass education, mass printing,
newspapers, voluntary organizations, and colonial reforms, thereby creating the
conditions that made stable democracy more likely. Statistically, the historic
prevalence of Protestant missionaries explains about half the variation in
democracy in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania and removes the impact of
most variables that dominate current statistical research about democracy. The
association between Protestant missions and democracy is consistent in different
continents and subsamples, and it is robust to more than 50 controls and to
instrumental variable analyses.
Konklusjonen er altså ikke helt som vi ofte hører om kulturimperialisme og kolonialisme.
Areas where Protestant missionaries had a significant presence in
the past are on average more economically developed today, with comparatively
better health, lower infant mortality, lower corruption, greater literacy,
higher educational attainment (especially for women), and more robust membership
in nongovernmental associations.
Dermed møtte han ikke uventet skepsis.
In 2010, when Woodberry submitted his article to the American Political Science Review, the editors asked him
to add case studies, run more regressions, and make all data and models public.
For the article, he produced 192 pages of supporting material.
"It's a remarkable testament to his courage and endurance to get
his work in a flagship journal," says Philpott. "In order to make this article
fly, he had to leave no stone unturned and anticipate every hypothesis. It's an
article whose thoroughness outpaces any I've seen."
I stedet for å bli avvist for sekterisk sjåvinisme, fikk han priser for banebrytende og grundig arbeid. Og ros selv fra katolske og sekulære instiusjoner man kunne forvente var mer nølende.
"Why did some countries become democratic, while others went the
route of theocracy or dictatorship?" asks Daniel Philpott, who teaches political
science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame. "For [Woodberry] to
show through devastatingly thorough analysis that conversionary Protestants are
crucial to what makes the country democratic today [is] remarkable in many ways.
Not only is it another factor—it turns out to be the most important factor. It
can't be anything but startling for scholars of democracy."
"I think it's the best work out there on religion and economic
development," says Robin Grier, professor of economics and international and
area studies at the University of Oklahoma. "It's incredibly sophisticated and
well grounded. I haven't seen anything quite like it."
Arbeidet oppsummeres i en noe mindre uhildet sammenheng som
Christianity Today med at
Want a blossoming democracy today? The solution is simple—if you have a time machine: Send a 19th-century missionary.
Nå betyr ikke dette at Woodberry ser rosenrødt på alle misjonærer. Dengang som nå er det store forskjeller i mentalitet og virkemidler.
We don't have to deny that there were and are racist
missionaries," says Woodberry. "We don't have to deny there were and are
missionaries who do self-centered things. But if that were the average effect,
we would expect the places where missionaries had influence to be worse than
places where missionaries weren't allowed or were restricted in action. We find
exactly the opposite on all kinds of outcomes. Even in places where few people
converted, [missionaries] had a profound economic and political impact.
Han er heller ikke blind for at misjonærer har støttet kolonialismen, men det noe av det mer interessante er at dess mer uavhengige misjonærene har vært av statlig kontroll, dess større effekt.
Independence from state control made a big difference. "One of the
main stereotypes about missions is that they were closely connected to
colonialism," says Woodberry. "But Protestant missionaries not funded by the
state were regularly very critical of colonialism."
Det mangler ikke eksempler på dette.
For example, Mackenzie's campaign for Khama III was part of his
30-year effort to protect African land from white settlers. Mackenzie was not
atypical. In China, missionaries worked to end the opium trade; in India, they
fought to curtail abuses by landlords; in the West Indies and other colonies,
they played key roles in building the abolition movement. Back home, their
allies passed legislation that returned land to the native Xhosa people of South
Africa and also protected tribes in New Zealand and Australia from being wiped
out by settlers.
"I feel confident saying none of those movements would have
happened without nonstate missionaries mobilizing them," says Woodberry.
"Missionaries had a power base among ordinary people. They [were] the ones that
transformed these movements into mass movements."
Mye handlet om å bekjempe analfabetisme.
While missionaries came to colonial reform through the backdoor,
mass literacy and mass education were more deliberate projects—the consequence
of a Protestant vision that knocked down old hierarchies in the name of "the
priesthood of all believers." If all souls were equal before God, everyone would
need to access the Bible in their own language. They would also need to know how
to read.
"They focused on teaching people to read," says Dana Robert,
director of the Center for Global Christianity and Mission at Boston University.
"That sounds really basic, but if you look worldwide at poverty, literacy is the
main thing that helps you rise out of poverty. Unless you have broad-based
literacy, you can't have democratic movements."
Blant mange som fikk glede av dette var
Nelson Mandela. Ikke alle holdninger han møtte var like forbilledlige. Men selv når skolene var en del av koloniveldet, utdannet de studenter som var i oppsisjon til det, enten de ble kristne eller kommunister.
It avoided political involvement, yet inspired the quest
for racial equality through its religious ideals.
I følge studien fikk altså dette ringvirkninger.
Pull out a map, says Woodberry, point to any place where
"conversionary Protestants" were active in the past, and you'll typically find
more printed books and more schools per capita. You'll find, too, that in
Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia, most of the early nationalists who
led their countries to independence graduated from Protestant mission
schools.
"I'm not religious," says Grier. "I never felt really comfortable
with the idea of [mission work]; it seemed cringe-worthy. Then I read Bob's
work. I thought, Wow, that's amazing. They left a long legacy. It
changed my views and caused me to rethink."
Noe som kan gjelde flere så lenge vi ikke har tidsmaskiner for hånden.
Det vil si, den ene er allerede trykket - på norsk.
